Famous Scientists

Famous scientists and their inventions

Some famous scientists and their most remarkable inventions and discoveries
Invention is something you create by experimentation, where as discovery is
finding out that already exists.

Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)

The famous Italian physicist and mathematician is the inventor of

the barometer (scientific tool used in the field of meteorology to

estimate atmospheric pressure), built in 1643. It would be

interesting to note that a number of Italian Navy submarines

were named after the inventor.

Ferdinand Verbiest (1623 - 1688)

Verbiest was an astronomer and a mathematician. He was the

one to invent the world's first automobile. The inventor came

up with the idea to create an automobile while visiting China as

a missionary. His automobile was powered by steam, but could

not carry humans.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor

and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable

computer. Considered as “Father of Computers”, Babbage is credited

with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to

more complex designs.

.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845 - 1923)

The famous German physicist Röntgen is the one who

discovered the X-rays (also known as Röntgen rays).

This invention allowed the German scientist to win the first

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Thomas Edison (1847 - 1931)

He has made a large number of inventions, but the most wellknown

one is the electric bulb. Among other discoveries of

Thomas Edison there are telegraph devices, phonograph,

carbon transmitter, direct current generator, universal electric

motor, and more.

Emile Berliner (1851 - 1929)

The German-born Jewish American scientist became known for

his disc record gramophone (in the United States known as

phonograph or record player). Used for recording and

reproducing sounds on a gramophone record, vinyl record, the

device (with certain modifications made once in a while) was

popular until 1980s.

Alexander Graham Bell (1857 - 1922)

During the experiments he carried out with the telegraph,

Bell came up with the idea of the telephone.

The inventor of one of the most popular devices today

thought that the telephone was intruding, that is why he did

not have one in his workplace.

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858 - 1913)

Being a mechanical engineer, Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

managed to discover the diesel engine.

The German inventor was also a well-known thermal engineer, a

polyglot, an expert in arts, and a social theorist.

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

One of the greatest scientists of the 20th century is the creator

of numerous inventions and theories that transformed a lot of

concepts linked to space and time, with the most important

discovery being the theory of relativity. Other discoveries of

Einstein include the photoelectric effect and the Einstein

calculator.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)

During the World War I Fleming worked as an army medical

doctor. He is the inventor of penicillin that prevented a lot of

soldiers from being infected. The discovery of penicillin

managed to significantly boost the evolution of medicine

industry.

Fritz Pfleumer (1881 - 1945)

The German-Austrian engineer is the inventor of the

magnetic tape used for recording sound. Pfleumer decided

to grant the right of use to the AEG, a German

manufacturer of electrical equipment. The event took place

on December 1, 1932. Based on Pfleumer's magnetic tape,

the German firm created the world's first practical tape

recorder dubbed Magnetophon K1.

Frederick Banting (1891 - 1941)

Initially Banting was dedicated to politics but later decided to

shift to medicine. In 1916 he completed his MD and during the

World War I worked as a doctor. He was very interested in

diabetes and continuously worked on a cure for it. Banting

searched for cure for diabetes together with Dr. Charles Best.

In 1923 the researcher was awarded with the Nobel Prize for

discovering insulin.

My story on science and thrill- Attack of the garden ghost

 Part Two-Chapter 1

. Okay, now listen, today in the morning when I was in the bathroom, I saw a strange mist rising up from the corners of the room and when I told mother and father about this they just scolded me and took this matter lightly”, said Fanny with hesitation. “Never mind my little sister; this happened to me also when I was trying to change the mind of father in order to get my pocket money”, said Richard. “Okay, now let’s end this discussion and get ready for the school”, said James. That evening the children returned from school and the day went usually, but Fanny was still uncomfortable, in the night they went on with their favorite cartoon when their parents were working on the monthly budget. They were busy working when a strange mist started to enter the room form the door of the garden in the study, a strong smell of some kind of herbal medicine filled in the room, till now mother and father started to feel uneasy they knew that something was coming when they heard heavy footsteps slowly they saw that the mist was growing very thick suddenly they saw  three lights shining from the door. After some time the door started to open sh! Karrah!Sn! When a strange figure appeared, on that side father was observing the situation with a lot of goosebumps all over his body. Mother got up and shouted loud " James! Fanny! Richard! Lock up the room in which you are and please for the god sake, don not come out, garden ghost has attacked the house when a big black stone smashed on her head and she fell unconscious. Father was not able to help her because he was already lying on the ground paralyzed with some drug he was also having hallucinations of horrific ghost. But the main thing was that where were the kids, well James was bravely recording the incident in a video camera and Fanny was locked up in the room by Richard as she probably would create a mess because of her fear and for Richard he called up the police. 

genetics and laws of inheritace

Genetics

Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with the mutation, heredity and structure of genes of various organisms including humans. The first seed of genetics was sown by Gregor Mendel. He stated the fundamental laws of inheritance in living world but before we discuss that stuff we need to know that what is the basic structural system of genetics and exactly what are the terminologies used in this peculiar branch of science.

Genes and the laws of inheritance

Genes are the basic molecular unit of heredity in any organism. It is a structure which passes the factors of inheritance of parent organism into the offspring. They are bonded together in complex structures of DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid which contain the code of genetic programing. These acids are blended together in long chains called chromosomes these chains are the nuclear components of special organisation, individuality and function. In a diploid cell their are two types of chromosomes Sex chromosomes and autosomes. Sex chromosomes decide that the foetus will be male or female. Females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes. These autosomes and sex chromosomes exist in pair of 23 in male and female gametes. Their are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes during the fertilisation process these combine to form 46 pairs of chromosomes. These chromosomes are in form of dark matter called chromatin fibre.

Now before we enter in the world of inheritance let us talk about DNA and RNA this video will provide you a deep info about it

Now we know that what are DNA and RNA lets talk about inheritance.


These basic laws were given by Mendel and thus he is called father of genetics.

Gregor Mendel

Law of segregation- This law states that only one allele or independent gene is expressed from a group of alleles during meiosis and thus is dominant. By this each pair of chromosome bears only one allele of particular character.


Law of independent assortment- When more than one pair of contrasting characters are brought in one individual, the entry of one pair of alleles separates independent entry and assorts independently of any other pair.

Law of dominance- In a offspring only in one allele express it self and prevents the expression of other. And is called dominant and other is called recessive.        

    

My story on science and thrill- Attack of the Garden Ghost

attack of the garden ghost

Science and thrill

Gautam singh mourya

This story by me is a story of science and thrill blended to create something interesting. It also explains that how science can be used in both negative and positive way.

introduction

Year 1885,

“In the northern part of England lived frankenstine family. Doctor frankenstine was a good pet doctor and had a great interest in chemistry he used to say that he could put life in a dead body with the help of chemistry and black magic, everybody thought that he was jolly crazy man and a black spot in the world of science. As his interest in science, he has build a big lab in the basement of his house where he used to perform his great and weird experiments. His lab was so big that it stretches from his house to his garden. For last 3 weeks he was busy working on inventing a serum that would start the heartbeats of a dead man, one day in the evening he was working on his lab on the same topic.  Suddenly the door opened and his wife came in and said “Frank drink the milk, you are becoming very careless about your diet”. But as usual, he forgot to drink the milk, after some time their family cat Anne came in the lab by the small hole made in the basement door. She loved the milk as all cats do and she had already smelled the milk brought by Drs Wife. She slowly walked towards the glass of milk; Dr also did not see the cat. Suddenly she jumped on the glass as she used to jump on her milk bowl and alas! The milk fell all over the table and mixed with the solution that doctor has made for making the serum. And then a big explosion can be heard from a distant land. The case was investigated by the police, but only an old camera with one picture of the incident which proved the analyses. It is said that the soul of Dr still roams in the house and the garden that is why it is called house of the garden ghost and this house we are going to buy”, Richard said to Fanny and James. “I do not believe in such stories”, said James frankly. “Please don’t act so brave and smart when you will see the ghost with your eyes, then you will shout your mouth”, said Fanny. “May be this story be true”, said Richard, “Of course not, this story is rubbish”, said father and by side and mother also agreed. Although I have told you some part of this exciting adventure, but now I will tell you about this sweet family .Mrs Jones is a successful business man, but with a sudden drop of his business he had to sell his house to survive. By the time he also find’s a house in North England. And he plans to shift there with his wife Sara and three kids James, Richard and Fanny, but who knows they were going to have a great and a fearful experience. Now let’s go further.

First sight of ghost

After few days Fanny became more and more superstitious about the house. But after a great effort of mother and father Fanny started to think seriously about this case and made up her mind to shift there. One more week passed and this was the time to shift and all the family was excited about their new house .As father has only seen the house, so they were curious about the house. And at last they shifted. Everything was going in routine and after one month children has also adjusted in their new school. One day they were returning home from the school bus they saw a big crowd of a person who has covered mother and father. Father was trying to control the crowd but it was uncontrollable. Richard tried to hear the talk going on there because of great noise he was not able to hear even a single word. But after the crowd vanished children were able to enter the house and then James asked about the incident so father said “they were the local men of this area. They were trying to make us agree to leave this place and this house, now you go to your room and relax as you were standing out for so long.” Fanny said, “Were they talking about the garden ghost”. “Yes, they were talking about that, but we are living in twenty first century so we shouldn't believe in this ghost or any other matter like this, said father. Everything went nice for two or three weeks but, something was wrong with Fanny and she always conveyed a message that there is something wrong with the house. And one day in the morning when she was in the bathroom when she complained that she saw a weird mist that was jollied dense and then it disappeared. When mother asked her, she acted in a stupid manner and she got a terrific scowl from mother. Next again, she complained the same thing in the presence of the father, the aloud angry noises of the father came accompanied by the mother. “Fanny, have you gone out of mind, yesterday I gave you a whole lecture and again, you do not understand anything”, said the mother. “See, it’s the morning time we are very busy and you also have to dress up for the school, now don’t any type of fuss, said the father. “But father, I am not lying or making any type of fuss,” Said Fanny. “Now move you little jerk and go on with your work”, said mother with a little grin. Fanny went down and saw her brothers waiting for her eagerly. “What happened to you why were you getting a scolding?” Fanny said “No, I am not willing to tell you”. But why please tell us...... 

Find what happens next after some time               

Solution

Uncertainty of quantum mechanics

The new idea to find the solution of quantum uncertainty

Hello, today I am here to express my views on the uncertainty principle

Please watch this video to get knowledge about the uncertainty principle.

The solution with respect to geveon is that the fluctuation in the energy packect is caused by virtual Geveons. Geveons which are virtual. The whole uncertainty is caused by these particles as these particles give mass to every thing and when these particles fluctuate the momentum and other physical phenomena become uncertain. 

Quite simple

 

My theory Geveon particle theory

GEVEON PARTICLE THEORY

From the time of Newton and Einstein space and time are major aspects of discussion in physics. Although we have come with fascinating theories related to space and time. But there are still uncertainties related to this. As we all know that from the 17^Thcentury to the 19^Thcentury we believed in Newton’s theory that that space is a physical body with three dimensions and a mass in space causes the gravitational force due to which our planet earth and other planets revolve around the sun but if it was like that our earth would collide with the sun due to its immense gravity, same for the other planets. We also don’t know that what exactly space was, according to this theory. When Einstein came up with a new and wonderful idea about space and time in his theory of General Relativity that space and time are one identity in a form of a huge fabric, which bents due to heavy masses like our sun and all the  objects like planets and galaxies. And this curved geometry of the bent cause’s gravity. Amazing idea right, it solved all the problems, no controversies this idea was the framework of the physics when a huge problem raised. It was found that Black holes were objects with immense mass and gravity a place where escape velocity was more than the speed of light. If we take General relativity as the base of our analysis this theory is fails because of black holes mass the loop of space and time is full resulting in dump, nothing changes in event horizon or the singularity of the black hole until it vanishes Hawking ‘s radiation. A place where Quantum Mechanics and General relativity oppose each other and end up to nothing. At the end physicist concluded that something was wrong in the fundamentals. And here I would like to put my own idea a little hope from a science scholar.

   We have made fantastic theories like string theory to get the ultimate equation and the theory of everything but after all they all are only hypothesis until we get a practical proof for these. Also my idea is assumption towards quantum physics. As I said earlier that Einstein taught us that space and time bents because of mass and energy. But it fails with black holes. Geveon particle theory explains that-

What is light?

 Light according to old theories is a packet of energy without mass which is made up of particles called photons which are combinations of electric and magnetic charges which act like waves as the light moves. According to GR this electromagnetic wave(proved by James Clerk Maxwell)bents with the distortion of spacetime due to gravity.

    And here something is wrong with some deep thinking I came to know that there are two possible ways by which light can be the basics of our analysis to explain the phenomenon of distortion of spacetime near the black hole and here I am not trying to impertinence any of the ideas we have been believing so far. So now getting to the main topic of concern that one possible way could be that light is a form of negligible matter which releases energy, this energy maintains the form of matter like a packet which moves rectilinear. This will also bend due to gravity. Now the problem in this theory is that we cannot store light it means that it is pure energy, it cannot be mass, but we could take out a way through this to. As I said earlier that energy released by that basic structural mass of the photon or in short the matter, fades as the light moves the frequency of the wave decreases and losses energy. It depends on the type of luminous object the light is been exerted if the intensity is higher that means light will maintain its form until the energy goes to zero.

        Now the second problem which arises is that if photons have mass it would have some building block or some exclusive particles. As it is uncertain that what kind of mass is that, it probably can be dark mass which unknown to us.

Geveon

         This particle will be the limit of matter, the ultimate reality. Now I am trying to clear out this uncertainty. Let us take this particle or this block and take the limit of existence of matter to a certain value (x) and this particle (g) tends to its limit (x). So what is beyond this and what are the chances that this particle exists everywhere. Well, we know that energy exist in every particle whether real or virtual so this particle is an energy unit, of course this not seems to be logical. But the points I brought up that the existence of energy depend on the mass. I am definitely not talking about e=mc². This particle as I said may be is the ultimate reality it creates the momentum of light unlike the Maxwell’s formula. This particle makes the negligible mass of light energy. So the existence of energy depends on this particle and the existence of this particle depends upon the energy. Although I am using (particle) for calling this ultimate reality but now let us give it a name I call it Geveon not so cool for everyone but it is right for me. This particle also approves the big bang theory with the birth of first Geveon which further lead to the formation of other bosons and fermions. In the era of big bang huge amount of energy was exerted and as we know that gravity is tied to energy, so because of this gravitational pull small amount of energy in the quantum world collected and created these geveons and these geveons made spacetime. One more problem how could these particles create spacetime.

         To find out the answer to this question we need to look at spacetime with philosophical sight. As we all know that space is something which we cannot certainly define, or we could. Energy can certainly defined as the ability to do something, the energy produced by a car engine gives car the ability to move. And of course space has ability to do many things to create to destroy and to move something. It directly means that it has energy or we can say dark energy, and Geveon is the ultimate particle of energy too.

Quantum force

       But how an energy made particle can be ultimate particle of energy, here a very important physical phenomenon takes place that is force acting upon energy. From the very beginning we mastered the four fundamental forces and invented machines to accomplish our tasks and believe me this is my finest idea about the fifth fundamental force the creator of the forces we know today. During the era of the big bang an unknown force collected the quanta sized energy to form geveons. And this infinitely small energy (de) which made up the global energy that we call dark energy and that led to the formation of the energy we know today. I believe that dark energy is the basic type of energy which have different forms. I believe that understanding another fundamental force like some physicists assume is not the correct way to get the ultimate theory, we need to understand the pattern of creation whose one part is fundamental force. And of course this force is a force of attraction but is not like the gravitational force. We all know that rules of physics are different in the quantum world so this force is also different. When geveons collected together to form the first bosons and fermions to the nucleus this force changed its form as a nuclear forces, when creation led to electron this force changed its form to electromagnetic force and at the end when matter and molecules were created this force changed its form into gravitational force. This force exist in different form in every particle.

        Geveon also disapproves the string theory, there are no strings that vibrate in certain patterns to create particles it says that there is a particle which makes everything. It also tells us about a unique force, god of all the fundamental forces. As this force only maintains its original form at quantum level or to the level of Geveon so let us call it quantum force.

Geveon and structure of spacetime

 As now according to the Geveon theory basic fundamentals have been changed and the structure of spacetime may also change. According to Einstein the structure of spacetime is a huge fabric of 4 dimensions. But as I discussed earlier that this theory goes dump in the case of a black hole. This can be explained through Geveon, the spacetime is a composition of energy in a 4 dimensional structure it is like a fluid which acts locally and distort with gravity. And time flow in this fluid. This fluid can be imagined like water which has higher density and never can be tearing apart.The whole system of time works like continuous machine. And to understand the phenomena of gravity we can imagine a plastic bottle floating on the top of a pond. The surface tension of water prevents it to sink. The upper layer of water bends a little until the weight of the object is more than the tension of the surface. This mechanism is same in the case of spacetime, heavy masses sort of float on the fluid. And the curvature causes gravity something like general relativity. And the light also bends with this curvature. But this tension is very high not to mention.

Black holes according to new spacetime

According to this theory black holes sucks up spacetime and rotate them like a whirlpool in water. It seems like time has stopped because it is very slowly being sucked by the black hole. And if something passes through the black hole without being crushed it would reach to another universe. By this theory time travel is also possible. If we are able to break through the walls of the stream by which we are sucked in we can reach a place where time is flowing very fast with the whirlpool than we can travel through the timeline revolving in all directions. As the tension of space is very high black holes also very slowly sucks spacetime.

Problem solved

Geveon particle theory has probably solved the problem of spacetime that how quantum particle can be the basic structural and functional unit of our universe. It has also given us a hope about the possible uncertain problems in the fundamental laws. It tells us that energy makes matter and ability to function.

Find a solution to quantum uncertainty next. after some time thank you!

   

Gautam Singh Mourya 

Motion

My ideas on laws of motion

Motion can be defined as the change of position with respect to time and reference point. Motion can explained by five major aspects.

1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Time
4. Direction
5. Acceleration

Velocity

Velocity can be defined as speed with direction. When we say that our vehicle is moving with the speed of 50 km/ph towards north so here we are dealing with velocity as we are talking about the direction.

Displacement

Displacement can be defined as the straight line distance between final and initial point. The distance between two point can be curved along the path the object has moved but displacement is always in a straight and shortest path. This can be calculated by using the simple formula

x2 - x1= s

As displacement is a vector quantity fascinating frames can be made using this the units of measurement is same as the measurements of  distance. 

Time

Time is the dimension of space and is a measure relative to which any thing moves and act from past to present and further to future.

second	1 sec	SI base unit
decasecond	10 seconds
minute	60 seconds
moment(historical)	1/40th of an hour	used by Medieval Western European computists.[29]
hectosecond	100 seconds	1 minute and 40 seconds
ke	864 seconds	traditional Chinese unit of decimal time duration, usually 1/100 of a day. 14 minutes and 24 seconds. (Nearly 1/4 of an hour.)
kilosecond	1,000 seconds	16 minutes and 40 seconds
hour	60 minutes
day	24 hours	longest unit used on stopwatches and countdowns
week	7 days	Also called sennight
megasecond	1,000,000 seconds	About 11.6 days
fortnight	14 days	2 weeks (more common in Great Britain)
lunar month	27.2–29.5 days	Various definitions of lunar month exist.
month	28–31 days
quarter and season	3 months	The duration of any of the four calendar seasons; winter, spring, summer and autumn.
year	12 months

Direction

Direction gives us information of  relative position between two points.

Acceleration

According to me acceleration is a very interesting topic in physics. Acceleration is the change in velocity over unit time. Some time velocity of an object declines and this phenomena is called retardation. Acceleration can be measured using a simple formula. The formula cays that the difference of final and initial velocity divided by unit time is equal to acceleration. 

v-u/t

Newtons law of motion

Their are three laws of motion

1  .When viewed in inertial frame every object remains at rest or at constant velocity until any net force is applied on it.This law is also called the law of inertia, inertia is the property of a object in motion to resist rest.This can be mathematically written as

f=o so dv/dt =o

   
2  .Vector sum of the forces on an object is equal to the product of mass and the sum of acceleration. this also involves the concept of momentum. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. It is also the property of a object in motion to resist rest.

f=dp/dt=d(mv)/dt

Second law states that the net force is equal to the rate of change in linear momentum.

f=m(dv/dt)=ma

Second law can be also written in form of acceleration.

3  .When an object exerts force on other object equal and opposite force returns to the first object.

Types of motion   

• Simple harmonic motion – (e.g., that of a pendulum).
• An harmonic motion
• Periodic motion
• Rectilinear motion
• Reciprocal motion (e.g. vibration
• Brownian motion (i.e. the random movement of particles)
• Circular motion (e.g. the orbits of planets)
• Rotary motion – a motion about a fixed point. (e.g. Ferris wheel).
• Curvilinear motionn – It is defined as the motion along a curved path that may be planar or in three dimensions.
• Rotational motion
• Rolling motion - (as of the wheel of a bicycle)
• Oscillation
• Projectile motion
• Combination motion

Initial Note

I am here to share my view on science and discuss confusing things.
Please correct  me through your comments. Soon I'll present my first post.