Journey of Food

                                                                  Journey of Food

We usually wonder about our eating tasting and other habits related to food consumption. But we do not know that the food itself has to travel a long journey of 10 to 12 hours through our amazing digestive system. So I will throw some light on the topic.

      The Journey of food starts with the opening of the elementary canal or the Mouth and the food pipe or esophagus and ends when we go to the toilet. Through the elementary canal food is attacked, churned and squeezed by various digestive organs and Juices. So, let us start from the first step

But before that, we should know that how do we get hungry? Interesting question right! Well, the answer to this very question is brain. The specific part of brain called hypothalamus makes us feel hungry and thirsty. And the other part of the brain namely medulla controls the automatic gut movements which are done by the involuntary muscles or unstrapped muscles. Now proceeding with the process-

Eating and chewing

    The first step of food’s journey is to be crushed and meshed by our teeth and then simultaneously get mixed with the salivary enzyme such as amylase. The salivary enzymes break down starchy substances of the food into simpler substance. The saliva flows down more during an eating session rather than a normal time period and is produced by submandibular gland and sublingual gland in the mouth.

Swallowing and the epiglottis

     When we swallow the food after chewing, it enters the food pipe or esophagus which is a tube surrounded by muscles that pushes down the food. But before entering the food pipe there are chances that it may enter the wind pipe, so to prevent this there is a flap like structure namely epiglottis that closes the wind pipe before the food enters it.

Acid Attack!

The food is sent by the esophagus to the stomach. Stomach is a muscular bag which squashes and mashes the food which it receives.

      But the main digestion process is carried out with in the stomach. In the inner part of the stomach wall there are many folds and turns called rugae which allow the stomach to stretch. The inner most layer of the stomach wall is called the submucosa and above that the mucosa. These layers contain mucous producing cells the helps to prevent the hydrochloric acid produced by the hydrolytic cells to harm the wall. The hydrochloric acid help in digesting the hard component of food and killing bad microorganism. The hydrolytic cells are lined within the gastric pits in the mucosa with the slim producing cells. The last part of the stomach or the entrance of the small intestine is called Duodenum.

I will post about the next part of the journey in the next post after all it is boring to read too much in a short while.

But I think this video might be help full in that matter.    

Important Science videos

Important  Science videos

Electricity 

Albert  Einstein 

Black Holes

Evolution

Universe- An unsolved mystery

Future

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

The study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy is called thermodynamics. The basic principles and laws include absolute zero and the laws of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics

“When heat flows to or from a system, the system gains or losses an amount of energy equal to the amount of heat transferred”

Heat transfers from one substance to the other substance because of particle collisions and when it does the giver of the heat and the receiver of the heat both face a change in the heat energy they were initially were before the transfer. This law is pretty obvious and its examples can be seen throughout the daily life which includes a heating pan or a car engine etc.

If we add heat to a isolated system the system or the object then it may do some work and increase its internal energy and this can be expressed as

Heat supplied to a system is equal to the sum of the external work done and the increase in the internal energy.

Second law of thermodynamics

“Heat always flows from hot object to cold object by itself”

This law clearly as we can observe states that heat energy always from the hot object to cold object. This law in other terms expresses the natural tendency of motion of heat energy. Due to the movement the ice melts and the heat or internal combustion engines work.

I fell that it is must mentioning the example of heat engine so I am doing so

The condition of absolute zero and absolute hot states that the object is at the state of zero kinetic energy or heat or maximum kinetic energy or heat at the molecular level.

The case of zero molecular movement of  the lowest temperature an object can be is the absolute zero and the highest is absolute hot which is equal to the planks temperature

Thermal Physics

Thermal Physics

Hello it’s been a long time since I have posted something. But now I am going to post about thermal physics and its theoretical introduction. Now starting with my work I would like to discuss some basic terminologies of Thermal physics.

Heat

Heat is the form of energy that flows from an object of higher temperature to a lower temperature. The matter around us posses energy in its molecules in form of molecular kinetic or potential energy, once this energy follows a path of temperature difference from one body to another then it is termed as heat. The temperature can be defined as a measurement scale in which the hotness or coldness of a object of mass is measured. 

The basic measurement scales in temperature are Kelvin the system international and the centigrade scale. The American scale of temperature is Fahrenheit scale. Heat can only be generated in a matter if the moving energies of the molecules or the rotational kinetic energy of the molecules changes its form. kinetic  energy and the other energy or the potential energy is also possessed by the particles and these energies of motion and rest of the particles in sum is known as the internal energy of the object.

Heating and cooling

The phenomenon of heating occurs when the object gains heat energy and the internal energy of the particles increase leading to rise in temperature. The cooling occurs if the object looses the heat energy and the internal energy of the object decreases leading to drop in temperature.

Thermal expansion

Railway  track  having  drastic  effect  of thermal  expansion 

The flow of heat energy in a substance leads to the increase in the net temperature of the object and that occurs because the molecules of the matter have absorbed a large amount of heat energy, this leads in the increase of kinetic energy. As the kinetic energy increases or the particles move faster they become freer and the phenomena of thermal expansion or the expansion of the bulk of the matter takes place  . The vice versa of the process occurs if the object is cooled, the movement of particles slow down and hey become more stiffer and contract. This phenomenon is known as thermal contraction. 

Black Holes: The Wonder of Cosmos

Black Holes: The Wonder of Cosmos

Hello, its been a while since I have written a blog post. This time I am going to give light on black holes that are so mysterious topics in advanced physics.

  Black holes can be defined as a body with immense gravity and where escape velocity is speed of light. Black holes are formed when stars collapses and creates a super nova exerting immense amount of radioactive energy from their core. They got their name black as light also bend and is absorbed by the hole resulting in zero visibility.

Singularity and Quantum Space

Black has a center point where all of its mass is stacked and compressed to a size smaller than atom. Black holes can only be formed when gravity of the star’s  core greater enough to crush everything, it crushes the hole stars mass and compresses it to the size of singularity. It is believed that singularity may be small to the size of Plank’s length. The tremendous energy of star is enough to squeeze the wavelength of every particle to almost nothing.

Event Horizon

Every black hole is surrounded by the event horizon. It is a horizon surrounding the black hole where the possibility of even small happenings becomes extinct. No one can see what might happen inside the horizon. The escape velocity also increases as we go deeper towards the horizon. At Event horizon the escape velocity turns 1c that is speed of light. So we can say that singularity is the physical grave where nothing physical can come out.

Tidal forces

When any object fall towards the black hole it stretches or compresses because of the tidal gravity exerted by the hole. Well, of course no one can enter the hole but still if we assume that a rocket is launched from the earth to nearest black whole. This space rocket is super advanced that it can enter the black hole, when it enters the horizon it starts moving faster towards the holes center, it stretches and squeezes. As far as the travellers are concerned they will may be get crumbled or Spaghettified (That’s what this stretching and squeezing is called).

Time’s Death

Inside the black hole at it’s horizon the travellers inside our rocket feel as that the time starts slowing, they will move as faster as they can towards the hole but as soon as they reach the hole they will trapped as the time is stopping because of black holes immense gravity.

Light " A brief Description"

Light

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation composed of wave packets of energy. Light is the only thing that can make anything visible. Light is composed of photons a category of quantum particles that have no mass. Many theories have been over time in respected to light. The visible light has a spectrum that is called as electromagnetic spectrum. Every visible wave should have a low frequency of radiation. The visible form of light is having a wavelength in the range of 400 nanometers (nm), or 400×10⁻⁹ m, to 700 nanometres – between the infrared, with longer wavelengths and the ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths.

     The basic properties of visible light are-

·       Intensity- the intensity of light is defined as the density and power of energy.

·       Frequency- The frequency of light is the frequency of the propagated wave.

·       Propagation in a direction- The direction of way of light.

Optics

The study of light and its applications is known as optics.

Refraction

An example of refraction of light. The straw appears bent, because of refraction of light as it enters liquid from air.

Refraction is the bending of light rays when passing through a surface between one transparent material and another. It is described by Snell's Law:

where is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the first medium, is the angle between the ray and the surface normal in the second medium, and n₁ and n₂ are the indices of refraction, n = 1 in a vacuum and n > 1 in a transparent substance.

When a beam of light crosses the boundary between a vacuum and another medium, or between two different media, the wavelength of the light changes, but the frequency remains constant. If the beam of light is not orthogonal (or rather normal) to the boundary, the change in wavelength results in a change in the direction of the beam. This change of direction is known as refraction.

The refractive quality of lenses is frequently used to manipulate light in order to change the apparent size of images. Magnifying glasses, spectacles, contact lenses, microscopes and refracting telescopes are all examples of this manipulation.

Nomenclature

Strong spectral lines in the visible part of the spectrum often have a unique Fraunhofer line designation, such as K for a line at 393.366 nm emerging from singly ionized Ca⁺, though some of the Fraunhofer "lines" are blends of multiple lines from several different species. In other cases the lines are designated according to the level of ionization adding a Roman numeral to the designation of the chemical element, so that Ca⁺ also has the designation Ca II. Neutral atoms are denoted with the roman number I, singly ionized atoms with II, and so on, so that for example Fe IX (IX, roman 9) represents eight times ionized iron. More detailed designations usually include the line wavelength and may include a multiplet number (for atomic lines) or band designation (for molecular lines). Many spectral lines of atomic hydrogen also have designations within their respective series, such as the Lyman series or Balmer series.

Quantum theory

In 1900 Max Planck, attempting to explain black body radiation suggested that although light was a wave, these waves could gain or lose energy only in finite amounts related to their frequency. Planck called these "lumps" of light energy "quanta" (from a Latin word for "how much"). In 1905, Albert Einstein used the idea of light quanta to explain the photoelectric effect, and suggested that these light quanta had a "real" existence. In 1923 Arthur Holly Compton showed that the wavelength shift seen when low intensity X-rays scattered from electrons (so called Compton scattering) could be explained by a particle-theory of X-rays, but not a wave theory. In 1926 Gilbert N. Lewis named these liqht quanta particles photons.

Eventually the modern theory of quantum mechanics came to picture light as (in some sense) both a particle and a wave, and (in another sense), as a phenomenon which is neither a particle nor a wave (which actually are macroscopic phenomena, such as baseballs or ocean waves). Instead, modern physics sees light as something that can be described sometimes with mathematics appropriate to one type of macroscopic metaphor (particles), and sometimes another macroscopic metaphor (water waves), but is actually something that cannot be fully imagined. As in the case for radio waves and the X-rays involved in Compton scattering, physicists have noted that electromagnetic radiation tends to behave more like a classical wave at lower frequencies, but more like a classical particle at higher frequencies, but never completely loses all qualities of one or the other. Visible light, which occupies a middle ground in frequency, can easily be shown in experiments to be describable using either a wave or particle model, or sometimes both.

The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1), where the negatively charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jump between orbits is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy (hν).^[1] The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as grey circles; their radius increases as n², where n is the principal quantum number. The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series, and for hydrogen (Z = 1) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm (red light).

Taken reference from internet

Relativity

Relativity 

Part - 1 

The theory of relativity was given by Albert Einstein which comprises of two theories The Theory of Special Relativity and The Theory of General Relativity in this specific post I will discuss about Special Relativity

The Theory Of Special Relativity

The theory Of Special Relativity deals with the space time structure, laws of propagation of light and other aspects that are considered the foundations of modern physics the theory  states that-

• The laws of physics are same for the observers in uniform motion relative to one another.
• The speed of light in vacuum is same for all observers.
• Relative mass theory
• Time dilatation
•  Length contraction
•  Mass energy Equivalence
• Finite of speed of light 
• Relativity of simultaneity

 Special Principle of Relativity- If a system of coordinates K is chosen so that laws of physics in relation to it hold good in their simplest form and they hold good in relation to any other system of coordinates K' moving in uniform translation relative to K.

The theory has two postulates as suggested by Einstein-

The principle of Relativity- The laws of physics do not change whether in two frames moving relative to each other

Invariant Light Speed- The speed of light i n vacuum or c never changes and is independent from state of motion and relative frames.

The theory of quantum universe

The Quantum Universe

We all live in a planet, a solar system and a universe but we can not say that what are the realities of the quantum world. That world is kind of messed up. The theory of quantum entanglement and the theory of uncertainty accompanied by the theory of strings somehow made us think about this mess let us talk about them one by one

The theory of quantum leap

 Quantum leap is something which was basically developed by a great scientist Neils Bohr He was a brilliant man but not of my favorites. He described the formulations of calculating the position of electron uncertain! Well this was a crazy idea but it is truth and this is what is quantum uncertainty proved by double slit experiment this theory shook up the minds of physicists and is in extreme effect till now. And now Bohr presented his model of atom a quantized view he said that electrons have certain orbits on which they move as they get closer to the nucleus of the atom they lose their energy and the most amazing thing is that you can’t state that where he electron would be in its orbit it is uncertain it can be anywhere in any state we cannot say that it will be coherent or not this is called quantum superposition. Whenever a electron leaps its orbit because off any bond formation or by photoelectric effect this is called quantum leap. Every time it moves a change in energy is faced by the electron. 

The theory of quantum entanglement

Now another mystery was that if for example an electron is kept beside a TNT charge and an electron in empty space far away from the first one. When the charge is blown the electron will be destroyed and simultaneously the second one will also be destroyed. This bizarre phenomenon was called quantum entanglement Bohr said that this is unpredictable that in what state or in what condition those electrons are, they will destroy. Let us take a spinning wheel which has only blue and red sectors all over and this wheel is between the entangled particles. This wheels red and blue sectors represents the particles if the wheel is made in action may be the result will be blue or may be blue. Bohr said that it was probable to get an outcome. Einstein thought it was ridiculous if you a have a pair of gloves and pack them in two different case which are sent far from each other. Now if you open one you can guess what is in other one without opening it, It means if you measure one you can observe the other entangled particle without examining it………..

The string theory

This theory is the frame work of all physical happening since now. In this theory the point like particles that constitute to make other particles are replaced by one dimension strings these strings fluctuate or move as the string to sitar or violin vibrates well those vibrations causes melodious sounds or harsh noises depending upon the player but in the case of the quantum world string these vibration cause the change in particles bosons strings have different different patterns of vibration and same in the case of other particle strings.

Diseases that are Curse !

Swine  influenza

Swine flu or pig flu is a viral diseases that is caused by H1N1 virus or haemagglutinin neuraminidase  attacks the respiratory tract of the victim. The symptoms of the diseases are soar throat, vomiting, chest pain, and high fever etc. This diseases was originated in pigs and then converted into a pendamic diseases, this diseases is frequently hitting the nation like a epidemic and has created a medical chaos many are infected and some unfortunately die. This post is entirely to create awareness and well many of you know about this already but then also this is my duty as an Indian.